![]() ![]() ![]() 1 is achieved by implementing a series of programmable steps that repeat themselves indefinitely 25.Transcript Listen to This Article. Several relevant functions are performed by a dedicated digital electronic system that implements the synthesis chain starting from a 100 MHz quartz oscillator, the signal acquisition, and the signal processing for disciplining the quartz to the atomic reference. 1b an advanced interrogation scheme is employed to stabilize not only the local oscillator frequency, but also the microwave field amplitude (See Methods for more details). ![]() In the first case, vapor-cell clocks as small as 1 \(\hbox / 2\)). On the other hand, the development of high-stability prototypes, with the goal of competing with H-maser clocks in terms of frequency stability, but achieving lower SwaP. In addition, due to the large number of available wavelengths, diode lasers allow the use of other atoms, like Cs, and are suited for implementing new excitation schemes, like coherent population trapping (CPT) (see for example 3, 4, 5, 6, 7).Īt present, research on laser-pumped vapor cell clocks is an important and active field that roughly embraces two trends: on one side the extreme miniaturization, aiming at realizing chip-scale clocks. However, since their introduction in atomic physics in the 80s, diode lasers have been successfully exploited in cell standards with the goal to improve the optical pumping process. It is sufficient to mention that global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), telecommunications, and timestamping of financial transactions all rely on precise time and frequency signals provided by atomic frequency standards which very often are Rb cell clocks 1.Ĭommonly used Rb clocks are lamp-pumped devices: a lamp is used as optical source for atomic state preparation through the process of optical pumping 2. Because of their reliability, compactness and good performances, vapor-cell clocks are nowadays employed in a large variety of scientific and technological applications that require precise timekeeping, jointly to reduced size, weight and power consumption (SWaP). ![]()
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